Crimes Against Humanity of the Caliphate Army during the Umayyad and Abbasid Rules

In this study on Islamic history, Dr. Youssef argues that the Muslim imperial army evolved into a private instrument of despotism, documenting systemic atrocities from al-Ḥarrah and the siege of Mecca to Damascus, Jurjān, Ṭāliqān, Baghdad, and Tbilisi. Drawing on early chronicles (Ibn Kathīr, al-Ṭabarī, al-Dhahabī), it shows how massacres, sieges, and violations became policy rather than aberration, preventing a genuine public army and sabotaging state formation. The result: an empire of fear serving rulers and military elites.